Things You Should Know About Terrorism Research Paper Topics

Things You Should Know About Terrorism Research Paper Topics While they possess the capability to perpetrate cyber terrorist attacks, they're also able to help combat them. There isn't any doubt that terrorism has a profound influence on the world. Loud sound, people screaming and running away in various directions this is the sole thing you will realize, if you're in the middle of a terror act. The student can concentrate on the definition and how one would finish an act of terror. Using similar tactics by criminal gangs is not normally referred to as terrorism. If terrorism exists, it's logical there are measures to fight it. At first, the prison was founded as a location where the most dangerous criminals ought to be kept. Cyberterrorism is a totally new type of terrorism. Terrorism Research Paper Topics - What Is It? However, without knowing the targets and objectives of a specific cyber terrorist attack, often it becomes tough to track their operations. A professi onal in this discipline won't ever have issues with pursuing a prosperous career in the area. It doesn't matter to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. Try to be certain that you're staying at the exact same page with them. The topic you pick has a considerable influence on your whole approach to your writing a paper and eventually defines your grade in some manner. Even if a particular research paper topic is getting a great deal of buzz at this time or other men and women seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some type of interest in it also. In most instances, we speak not about individuals or smaller enterprises, but the governmental systems that are liable for main regions of human lives. It has caused the debut of new procedures of science and innovation. Cyber terrorism is becoming an increasing concern to governments and companies around the world, since the interconnectedness of the world wide web functions as a double-edged sword for people who would want to use this tool for a way of disruption. Foreign individuals should not be allowed to get accessibility to our economic resources that may put our nation on bankrupt. Common security as the primary principle of NATO-policies. The Unusual Secret of Terrorism Research Paper Topics Medicine is quite a wide topic to compose a research paper about. It's possible to handle it should you know psychology, psychiatry and the world named Islam. Let us give you some advice about writing a superb research on Medicine. Employ a specialist PhD holder to receive your thesis done. Before you commence writing a single word of your paper, you first will need to understand what your thesis will be. But selecting one or more of these topics or the other topics a student can write a robust and topical research paper, that they may be pleased with. If you opt to study this issue and let it become the subject of your Master's dissertation you are going to learn a lot more about it. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Needless to say, the area of business is quite wide. However, you can be certain that you're getting a fine work for the price tag you're paying. As you pay for homework, we provide those options free of charge. It is possible to also become a variety of discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. They've been organized into ten categories and cover a wide selection of subjects so that you can easily locate the ideal topic for you. The previous tip is to adhere to the most important topic. This topic permits you to investigate in your term paper what bioterrorism is and what's the range of harm it may bring. Below are some strong topics that you are able to explore when confronting this problem. Or at least folks will be informed about this issue. In most instances, it's publicity. But if this act gets famous on the planet, then, the issue may be solved. Different tactics are utilized to try and manage the individuals, government or the economy. The major danger of this type of terrorism is it can impact tremendous quantities of population and cause long-lasting effects not just for human life but the environment generally speaking.

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Shakespeare’s Techniques In Hamlet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1170 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Hamlet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Passionately recommended by a majority, William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is deemed credible, intricate, and intellectual by readers of all professions. In fact, not only is Hamlet said to be Shakespeare’s greatest work, but it is often titled the greatest playwright of all time as well. Intermittently, however, do people recognize the fundamental flaws of the play. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Shakespeare’s Techniques In Hamlet" essay for you Create order Hamlet’s lack of character development, sloppy structure, and an odd similarity to another Elizabethan tragedy—The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd— all prove that Hamlet does not even come close to living up to the credibility and extensive publicity assumed by many readers of Hamlet. The character of Hamlet is praised for his deep, analytical thought and his complexity of emotions, but Hamlet is nothing more than an unstable, emotional ruin; in fact, all other characters in the play follow this lack of complexity too. There is not a single character in Hamlet who develops and becomes a round character. Throughout the entire play, Claudius remains an apathetic and corrupt villain, continuing his role as an antagonist. Claudius’s character can be summed up by his orders to Horatio to stay close to Ophelia, saying â€Å"Follow her close, giver her good watch, I pray you.† (IV.V.75). This quote shows Claudius’s untrusting and scheming attitude. Horatio remains hesitant and cautious, making no dramatic decisions to better any given situation in the playwright. Ophelia and Gertrude are discarded of through death, and are arguably the characters with the most power, even though they are given the least attention. Although these women voice their con scious through reckless acts such as suicide, Ophelia drowning herself in a lake and Gertrude drinking a cup of poison, they remain silenced and hopeless throughout the play. The most complex line Reynaldo has is reminding Polonious where he left off speaking, saying, â€Å"At ‘closes in the consequence,’ at ‘friend or/ so,’ and ‘gentleman.’† (II.II.52-53) Polonious, although he can be considered the most insightful of the characters, is still a flat character in that his careless nature results in the demise of himself and other characters—his intentions from the beginning. Even Hamlet, who is believed to be the main protagonist, remains ignorant and rash throughout the playwright. Hamlet’s famous line, â€Å"To be, or not to be,† (III.I.56) is only grasped by the human mind when context is revealed, whether it is related to the play or the reader, otherwise, this quote is simply a conglomerate or gibberish. The only difference from Hamlet’s initial outbursts of careless and destructive emotion after learning about the ghost of his father to the hasty duel scene is that Hamlet beco mes justified in his ignorant decisions. Chekhov’s gun is a concept in literature that suggests that every event or scene in a story must be relevant, and unnecessary information should be removed for the sake of eliminating false promises. In other words, if a gun is hanging on the wall, the gun must be fired at some point in the writing, contributing to the plot. Shakespeare’s Hamlet breaks this concept many times, resulting in a sloppy structure and unclear plot. The historical background regarding Fortinbras and Denmark mentioned in the beginning of the play seems to have been added for the sake of aiding Shakespeare in providing a framework for the play. The issue of Denmark is seldom addressed again. In fact, without Fortinbras, the play would arguably make more sense and be more focused on the plot of the play by removing an unnecessary character whose only purpose is to serve as a plot carrier. It was also very unnecessary for Hamlet to travel to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern after Hamlet m urdered Polonious. Not only did the trip draw away from the plot, but Claudius’s intentions to betray Hamlet further by going as far as attempting to kill him could have been executed more efficiently. These multiple scenes hold no significance toward the plot and make the overall structure of the play less cohesive and sloppy because the audience has to work unnecessarily to follow a map of a storyline. Chekhov’s gun is not to be confused with foreshadowing, however. Foreshadowing is a literary device that hints at events that may happen to spark the audience’s interest. This is different from Chekhov’s gun in that foreshadowing suggests an event will occur in the future in a vague manner, while Chekhov’s gun guarantees said event. A few events, such as the death of Claudius, the death of Polonious, and Hamlet’s unstable mentality are foreshadowed in Hamlet in a poor way. The Ghost’s multiple returns suggest revenge will be sought, especially when Horatio proposes, â€Å"[the Ghost] bodes some strange eruption to our state.† (I.I.69) Polonious’s death is directly foreshadowed when Polonious describes himself as having acted as Julius Caesar in a play, stating, â€Å"I was killed/ i’ the Capitol; Brutus killed me.† (III.II.108-109) And lastly, the alleged insanity of Hamlet is foreshadowed, almost given, on numerous accounts of Horatio and the Ghost warning Hamlet of the repercussions of seeking revenge. This includes when Horatio forewarns Hamlet by saying, â€Å"[the Ghost] might deprive your sovereignty of reason/ And draw you into madness.† (I.IV.73-74) It also includes when the Ghost suggests Hamlet to â€Å"Taint not thy mind.† (I.V.85) While all foreshadowed events require analysis, Shakespeare’s incidents of foreshadowing are straightforward; it is comparable to an infant boy who is hiding the fact that he got a new toy and his brother did not, from his brother. This creates an anti-climactic moment for each poor use of foreshadowing, furthering the weak structure of the play. The Elizabethan era of literature consisted mostly of poetry, drama, and tragedies. Playwrights became popular in the higher, wealthier classes, and William Shakespeare was not the only notable author that came from this era. Another famous author was Thomas Kyd whose most well known playwright is The Spanish Tragedy—first performed in 1587, about 12 years before Hamlet was composed. Kyd’s playwright follows a sultan who is motivated to murder a friend due to jealousy and revenge. The Spanish Tragedy holds characters similar to the ones present in Hamlet, such as a ghostly figure and a crucial protagonist named Horatio. Both Shakespeare’s and Kyd’s playwrights also show themes of mentally unstable characters and suspicion as well as paranoia. The two pieces’ main characters, Hieronimo and Hamlet, do very little to resolve the situation and are indecisive, and both playwrights contain plays-within-a-play. Therefore, it is no doubt that Shakespeare ha d The Spanish Tragedy in mind when writing Hamlet. All in all, Shakespeare’s lack of depth in characters, clumsy framework, and what can be considered close to plagiarism of Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy all invoke Hamlet does not live up to its notability. Shakespeare’s techniques in writing Hamlet are sloppy and overrated, making this play not so much a magnum opus but rather a magnum flopus.

Starting With a Topic

<h1>Starting With a Topic</h1><p>How do you begin composing an exposition on the off chance that you have never done it? It's a major jump for most to take and it takes a touch of training to get its hang. However, things being what they are, there is no explanation behind you to begin composing an article except if you realize that you will submit it. There are some different advances that you can take to slide into composing your first essay.</p><p></p><p>Start by perusing a few papers on subjects that you are keen on. Attempt to get a couple of tips or even research on your theme so you have a superior thought of what the subject is about. You ought to have the option to get data from different sources and you can place this data into your exposition when you start composing. The more you read about your theme, the better your comprehension of it will be. Recall that the more you know, the better you will write.</p><p></p> ;<p>Beginning with the point first will assist you with feeling progressively good. You would prefer not to become mixed up in an enormous labyrinth of data that isn't identified with the current point. As you proceed through the article, you will have the option to get familiar with it. It is a smart thought to end each section on a solid note to make it progressively emotional and you will have the option to truly get into the creative cycle over the long haul. Composing a subject initially is a decent method to consider making the plunge with paper writing.</p><p></p><p>The first significant thing to remember when you are starting your first article is to ensure that you are both acquainted with the theme and furthermore that you are solid and steady. In spite of the fact that the theme may be something new to you, you can generally allude back to the article and discover progressively about it. Along these lines, you can remain as refreshed as conce ivable with the point and ensure that it will be a decent subject to compose on.</p><p></p><p>If the theme is excessively expansive, you might need to consider narrowing it down a tad. It is alright to realize that the subject you pick is different to you. It is typically not a smart thought to limit the theme down to something too little since then you won't get the opportunity to get into the material.</p><p></p><p>Keep at the top of the priority list that you don't need to invest a lot of energy doing research on the topic. The main thing that you should know about is how much time it will take you to get past the article. In the event that you feel that you have to dedicate more opportunity to the point, at that point ensure that you at any rate split it up into areas with the goal that you can concentrate on each segment. Simply be certain that you are adhering to the allocated time limit. You would prefer not to give yourself add itional time on your assignment.</p><p></p><p>Another tip with regards to composing a decent exposition is to follow a general structure. The most ideal approach to do this is to follow what works for other people and consolidate this equivalent structure. Be that as it may, you don't need to follow anybody's thoughts precisely. Your own thoughts may contrast from what they utilized and it is alright to mistreat your own essay.</p><p></p><p>Beginning your exposition ought to be simple. The key is to follow the tips above and attempt to make it as close to home as could reasonably be expected. Additionally, be certain that the theme you picked is something that you would be keen on finding out about on the off chance that you would go on an examination trip. It may be a smart thought to go to where you intend to live or work for some time so as to get your foot in the entryway of paper writing.</p>

Rites Of Passage And Ritual - 1116 Words

Attending a kind of subcultural initiation ritual, known as a gig, in this case comprised of local Wellington musicians is reminiscent of Turner’s discussion of rituals and Rites of passage. This particular ritual form certainly encourages belonging, uniformity that appears to be a universal attribute of group rituals. It is important to distinguish between ceremony and ritual here, the gig can be considered a ritual as it could promote transformation in an individual and is not a conformational event. The following essay discusses this ritual in two parts, firstly examining Turner s discussion of Rites of Passage and ritual particularly Separation, liminality and Aggregation themes. Secondly the essay will suggest what this particular ritual does for identity and community and suggest that rituals, more broadly, remain essential to contemporary life. Overall, this essay will argue that Turner’s discussion is useful in illuminating aspects of this ritual, however it doe s not accurately explain all of it. Prior to arriving at the venue, it is necessary to prepare for the evening, this reflects Turner s discussion regarding separation in the ritual process. Turner argues that this stage is the detachment from a fixed point of cultural conditions and social structure, a removal from a particular state. In the case of the gig fans distinguish hemselves from the non-believers, those who do not have faith in the music they prepare for. A holy state is entered into prior toShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Howling Ritual By Van Gennep s Theory On Rites Of Passage1987 Words   |  8 Pagesthe school when the new class arrives. The â€Å"Howling Ritual† is a student-run tradition, that takes place on the night of the first full moon of every school year. It is organized by the second years. In this study, inspired by my observations as a participant in the ritual and the following conversations I had with students, I will explore the social function of the â€Å"Howling Ritual† using anthropologist Van Gennep’s theory on rites of passage. RESEARCH TECHNIQUES I decided to use qualitativeRead MoreAnalysis Of Selections From Once Upon A Quinceanera 1480 Words   |  6 PagesAtticus Ranck ENC 1101 8, October 2014 Latin Identity Many people have experienced a Rite of Passage at least once in their lives without recognizing it. Experiencing a Rite of Passage is necessary to becoming an adult. A Rite of Passage can be both formal and informal, they both indicate a shift from one state to another. Formal Rites of Passages are weddings, Quinceaà ±eras, and Bar Mitzvah, whereas informal Rites of Passages are a person’s first kiss, first job, and or the loss of a person s virginityRead MoreHow Boys Become Men:A Rites Of Passage For African-American1387 Words   |  6 Pages How Boys Become Men: A Rites of Passage for African-American Boys Adolescence can be the most crucial part of a person’s development. It is the time of transition into adulthood. The experiences gathered this time of a person’s life have lasting effects that linger long into adulthood. Proper guidance and support during this time is a person’s life is essential to ensuring that the person is able to become a successful adult in society. However, many African-American youth are lacking this typeRead MoreEssay On Rites Of Passage1505 Words   |  7 PagesRites of Passage are â€Å"rituals that mark a person passage from one identity to the next† (Robins, Cummings and McGarry 2016, 61). Marriage is the 15th and most important rite of passage in a Hindu’s life (Holme and Bowker 1994, 72). This rite of passage is known as â€Å"vivaha† and the rituals conducted during the ceremony vary from each region in India. â€Å"Satpadi† translates to â€Å"Seven Steps† and is the final ritual of the â⠂¬Å"vivaha†. This occurs during the marriage ceremony of one s life where the brideRead MoreRites Of Passage, Right Or Wrong1720 Words   |  7 PagesRites of Passage, â€Å"Right or Wrong†? Throughout history the term â€Å"rights of passage† has been used to describe the transition of a person into a new stage of their lives. Rites of passage are relevant in every day life all over the world. Most prominently though, Africa has a large population of people whose groups still practice traditional rites of passage to mark special life achievements. Basically, anything meaningful that happens within their tribe such as the birth of a child, the entranceRead MoreRituals of Transition Is Our Right of Passage Through Life Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesRituals of transition exist in every culture passed down from generation to generation; seemingly, through time man has had a need to use rites to associate inductions into new phases of life. A Rite of Passage is â€Å"a ritual that marks an important stage in an individual’s life cycle, such as birth, marriage, and death.† (1) Daniel G. Scott of the University of Victoria, British Columbia has stated , â€Å"the rite of passage, known as initiation or coming of age, was the central cultural form for theRead MoreRites Of Passage, By Arnold Van Gennep1547 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Rites of passage are rituals or events which are universally conducted for a variety of cultural, religious and social reasons. Grounded in everyday life, ritual is symbolic and emotional providing a transition of knowledge, behaviour and status, as Audrey Richards’s wrote, ’the use of symbols in ritual secures some kind of emotional compromise which satisfies the majority of individuals who compose a society and which supports its major institutions’ . These rites of passage, rituals or lifeRead MoreAnalysis Of Apache Girl Rites Of Passage1236 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Apache Girl Rites of Passage.† In this video a girl named Dachina goes through a grueling journey to become a women. In addition to that story read a short story called â€Å"The Medicine Bag.† In the Medicine Bag a boy named Martin goes through his on struggles and rites of passage from his Lakota family traditions and his struggle of accepting his tribe. In addition to these stor ies I researched a tribe from Ethiopia called the Hamar tribe. The Hamar tribe has a much more scary rite of passage to becomeRead MoreSignificance Of The White Coat Ceremony1455 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper, I analyze the significance of the white coat ceremony and how it relates to William Mays rite of passage and the importance of educating health care professionals on patients ordeal. The white coat ceremony is a ritual in which only medical students experience. A few years ago, I got the opportunity to attend my sisters White Coat Ceremony, at the time I was unaware of the significance in receiving a white coat. Later, I learned that the White Coat Ceremony, is an event put on by medicalRead MoreThe Rites of Passage and Liminality Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rites of Passage and Liminality Originally developed by anthropologist Arnold van Gennep in the early 20th century in his book Rites de Passage, the term liminality refers to the concept in which participants are in the threshold stage of disorientation and suspension from the previous social norm that they were used to. When an individual goes through a rite of passage—also coined by van Gennep—he is cut off from his â€Å"old life† and is born again into a new person. However, before he can fully

How to Find Us History Research Paper Topics 20th Century on the Web

<h1> How to Find Us History Research Paper Topics twentieth Century on the Web </h1> <p>The twentieth century is among the most critical periods throughout the entire existence of humankind and the remainder of the things intrigued things on earth. Here truly are bunches of significant truth this most of individuals should assist you with getting aware of identified with utilizing so you can your masteral classes made for science. It implies these people clearly watch the enormous picture and know which parts of it have to get underscored. It's sufficiently much to introduce your crowd the complete picture and, from the other side, it won't over-burden them with subtleties and will furnish you with the opportunity to contemplate everything altogether. </p> <p>Many of the people who grasped Existentialism likewise started to scrutinize the nearness of God. They for the most part picture craftsmanship as a portrayal of a feature this present reality. Exami ne its favorable circumstances on the people. </p> <p>If you should compose just 1 paper at the finish of the period, you can inhale out since you are honored. There's no settled definition. Eventually, you can review on a blend of the two measures. In explanatory scoring, there's another score for each piece of the thing or execution. </p> <h2>The Lost Secret of Us History Research Paper Topics twentieth Century </h2> <p>Outlining is a fairly significant apparatus. A layout shouldn't be a particular guide, just an unpleasant manual for educate you where you've been, and where you're going. </p> <h2> The Us History Research Paper Topics twentieth Century Cover Up </h2> <p>It isn't encouraged to modify the rubric with the expansion of language about explicit amounts of sources, bits of proof, or any quantifiable characteristic outside the rubric score focuses. For example, you may set a particular number of required sources in the rubric. Examine the recorded significance of the number 13. Try not to endeavor to contrast the religions all in all and no specific models. </p> <p>It is conceivable to never complete a generally excellent scholarly task in the event that you loath the subject you're expounding on. Here are a couple extra plans to consider. There are numerous preferences of utilizing general rubrics. Something else, there are heaps of style guides you may pick from.</p> <p>Everybody realizes that composing is difficult. You have picked a point around the thought of a book doled out by your educator. When reviewing an examination paper, in the occasion the creator has unmistakably fortified every one of their cases with sources, they'd acquire a three inside this classification. </p> <p>View your proposal for a work in progress simultaneously you compose your paper. Because the proposition comes towards the beginning of your paper doesn't imply that you can compose it first and afterward disregard doing it. This is a more grounded proposal since it entangles the information in the brief. Choice of right and appropriate theme for composing a history thesis is as often as possible a basic and a significant wonder. </p> <h2>The Fight Against Us History Research Paper Topics twentieth Century </h2> <p>There's, clearly, a breaking point on the assortment of pages even our best authors can create with a squeezing cutoff time, yet for the most part, we can fulfill all the customers looking for dire help. Consequently there isn't a lot of that you must battle with when you are scanning for important information on the best way to win your paper a decent one. After you get the brief, endeavor to address the scholarly arrangement with the guid e of various free web based composing guides. As expressed, the outline will utilize 5 classes. </p> <p>It is conceivable to likewise get help on the off chance that you select to get a history look into paper from a reliable assistance to ensure the best grades. A structure of the kind of scholarly task contrasts from the one understudies may have seen before when managing higher school articles. You ought to have your reasons, and our essential concern is that you end up getting an extraordinary evaluation. In the first place, you'll have to focus on your school or school class' point. </p> <p>A prepared proficient will make a blunder free task rapidly and can assist you with boosting your evaluations. For certain understudies, an assortment of point is the least demanding part. The creation strategy might be overpowering, and should the point isn't sufficiently intriguing, understudies may make some troublesome memories completing on schedule. Give all the primary subtleties, let us think about the cutoff time, and we'll start making your paper to help you in getting high evaluations. </p>

Topic Ideas for a College Essay

<h1>Topic Ideas for a College Essay</h1><p>As you start getting ready for the school exposition, you might be searching for some great points to expound on for a school article. You will likely need to keep it light as far as substance and take a gander at it as an opportunity to grandstand your capacities. This implies you ought to abstain from covering troublesome themes that would really expect you to consider what you need to state on an every day basis.</p><p></p><p>However, as you start your exploration, you may find that there are a few subjects that are a lot harder than anticipated. It is imperative to recollect that most school articles don't expect you to deliver a confused piece. Huge numbers of them are clear and expect you to introduce a basic contention. The best activity is to keep away from these subjects and search for points that allow you to exhibit your composing skills.</p><p></p><p>In reality, yo u can even view yourself as fortunate in light of the fact that you will likely locate a decent theme in the event that you search a tad. It's critical to search for something that you would appreciate expounding on and would not squeeze you.</p><p></p><p>One thing that you can do is to placed yourself in the shoes of the peruser and expound on a point that you couldn't imagine anything better than to find out about. There are numerous assets online that give fantastic plans to expound on for a school paper, so you will have the option to discover incredible proposals in this area.</p><p></p><p>Many individuals feel that article points are only a spot to list extraordinary things about oneself. In the event that you genuinely imagine that way, you will just prevail with regards to making the peruser need to stop perusing after the main passage. Then again, in the event that you are searching for an extremely extraordinary theme, at tha t point you can utilize it to make an intriguing argument.</p><p></p><p>If you feel this is a smart thought, you can even make up your very own portion individual perspectives on a subject. You can utilize a blaze card to show how you feel about a specific subject and use it to make a solid contention for your position. Your exposition will unquestionably turn out to be all the more remarkable on the off chance that you can back up your contentions with great realities and examples.</p><p></p><p>These are the best points to expound on for a school article. It is imperative to remember this isn't a necessity and that you should concentrate on what you genuinely appreciate doing.</p>

Discrimination of Hiv/Aids - 1466 Words

1 Discrimination of HIV/AIDS Discrimination of HIV/AIDS-positive people in medical field and in society is morally wrong In the rural area of Nigeria, an AIDS patient cut his hand and, when he went to the closest hospital to bandage it, the doctors kept transferring him from one outpatient department to another medical ward, then to another one because they did not want to get infected from him. He offered them money, and only after long debates, they took the money from him with tongs (Cao 522). This is just one example out of many of discrimination against HIV-positive people. Today in society, there is a big ethical issue†¦show more content†¦These examples 3 are just a couple out of many that happen nowadays in various countries, but especially in the third-world ones. Most of such cases of discrimination by society occur because of the fear and the lack of knowledge about the disease. Usually, the community uses misconceptions to advocate their actions. Many people base their reasoning on moral and religious beliefs such as a person with HIV/AIDS did something immoral such as promiscuity or ‘deviant sex’ and deserves to suffer from the disease (Fredriksson 2). However, what community does not realize is that not all people who have AIDS did something immoral. Someone might have gotten it from a parent, someone might have received it by accident through blood, someone might been engaged in sexual activity with a HIV-positive person but was not aware of that. Things like that happen very often. So, now these victims have to suffer from â€Å"extreme rejection and alones† from community (Kinnier 472). Many of the patien ts are being fired from jobs and thrown out of their apartments (Kinnier 472). The harshest consequence is being rejected and discriminated by family and friends. According to UNAIDS all these discriminations lead to the emotional problems like depression, low self-esteem, and despair (Cao 519). Finally, discrimination against HIV-positive patients is morally wrong because once the patients are afraid to tell anyone about their disease, due to the fear of being discriminated, and they do not doShow MoreRelatedHiv/Aids Stigma and Discrimination1338 Words   |  6 PagesCepeda Social Psychology HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination Strayer University November 19, 2011 Internationally, there has been a recent resurgence of interest in HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination, triggered at least in part by growing recognition that negative social responses to the epidemic remain pervasive even in seriously affected communities. Yet, rarely are existing notions of stigma and discrimination interrogated for their conceptual adequacy and their usefulness inRead More Stigmatization and Discrimination: Living with HIV/AIDS in Canada 1868 Words   |  8 Pages According to the Public Health Agency of Canada HIV – the Human Immunodeficiency Virus - is a virus that attacks the immune system, resulting in a chronic, progressive illness that leaves people vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers. (Canada 2008) Essentially over time, when your body can no longer battle the virus it progresses into a disease know as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS. The transmition of HIV occurs when a person’s contaminated body fluids enter another individualRead MoreStigma And Discrimination Face By People Living With Hiv / Aids2558 Words   |  11 PagesStigma and discrimination face by people living with HIV/AIDS The concept of â€Å"stigma† was thoroughly researched and defined by Roura et al., (2009) as â€Å"a special kind of relationship between attribute and stereotype† when the attribute is â€Å"deeply discrediting†. Although, literature on stigma is approximately 40 years old, it is still widely referenced to introduce the term and discuss its implications. All cultures have shared beliefs and meanings which help them interpret experiences and behaviorRead MoreEssay on Impact of Stigma of HIV-AIDS in the South African Workplace1497 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Impact of Stigma of HIV/AIDS in the South African workplace.† This falls under a discipline of business management in the financial management degree I am currently doing and one of the key areas of focus within business management is workplace challenges. I believe that HIV/AIDS stigmas are challenges regularly faced in the South African work environment. The purpose of this research review is to gain insight and deeper understanding of what workplace stigma towards HIV/AIDS is in the workplaceRead MoreThe Effects of HIV Related Stigma 790 Words   |  3 Pagesstruggled to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The fact is that poor understanding of the related issues of stigma, discrimination and denial has hampered national and international programs. (3,4,5) HIV/AIDS is not merely a medical problem, but a social problem as well (1). Stigma and discrimination are as central to the global AIDS challenge as the disease itself. (2) HIV-related stigma and discrimination can be described as a devaluating process of PLWHA where discrimination is enacted stigma comprisingRead MoreTypes Of Discrimination And Discrimination1729 Words   |  7 Pages TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION ⠝â€"Direct Discrimination:- In this case the employee is treated less favorably by the employer simply because of his or her HIV status. For example, rejecting a job application because of employee HIV infection or excluding an HIV-positive employee from the company pension scheme because of an assumption that he or she would draw on it early. 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Compare and Contrast of Aristocrat Leisure and Fortescue Metals

Question: Discuss about the Compare and Contrast of Aristocrat Leisure Limited and Fortescue Metals Group. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of this report is to compare and contrast Aristocrat Leisure Limited, an Australian with Fortescue Metals Group, an Australian iron ore company Aristocrat Liesure Limited is the biggest gambling machine maker in Australia, and it is also ranked as largest maker ofslot machinesin the planet, second just toInternational Game Technology. The company was founded in 1953 with the production of its first machine. The company was founded by Mr Len Aisworth. The company is licensed to sell gambling products and slot machines in over 200 jurisdictions in Australia. The company has 2,080 people as employees. The maximum revenue attained in a year was back in 2004 which was in excess of $1.1 billion Australian dollars. Fortescue Metals Group was founded back in 2003 after discovery of major iron ore deposits and has now developed and constructed some of the most important iron ore mines in the world. The company operation spans a total of four mines in Pilbara. They also own and operate an integrated supply chain that includes the five berths Herb Elliott Port in Port Hedland and the fastest, heavy haul railway in the world. Discussion: Vision statement Comparison Vision statement Of Aristocrat Leisure Limited is to create the best gambling and gaming experience each and every day. As the company deals with gambling games and slot machines the vision is appropriate to its needs (Kenny 2014). The statement states that the company wishes to provide the best products with superior quality that will enable the player to have a very pleasant and exciting experience which will make him play the game every day. It holds true as aristocrat has the most modern technologies in its arsenal to make the experience more interactive and engaging for the players. In contrast to the vision statement of Fortescue aims to be the safest, most profitable and lowest cost iron ore producer (Carton Murphy and Clark 2014). So in aspect of SMART test the vison is Specific as it is in context to the gambling and gaming industry, the vision is also Measurable as the industry the company deals with small and deals with the end customer, yes the vision is Achievable as aristocrat is one of the largest company manufacturing gambling games and the market is very small, it can also be stated that the vision is Realistic as gamers prefer specific games and it is possible for Aristocrat to penetrate into the preference list with good exciting games and lastly it can be stated that the vision is Timely for such an industry where product design and usability is in control of the producer(Olaisen 2016). Vision Statement of Fortescue Metals Group is to be the safest, low cost and most profitable producer of iron ore. The statement provides the context that the company is aiming to become the industry leader not just through production quantity but also through its process of production that is safest in the industry and the technology that the company uses will make the production cost lower thus helping FMG to provide cheaper ore to its customers (Ji et al 2015). The aim is to also become a profitable producer which can be done through increase in production as more production amounts to less cost and more end profit (Korschun 2014). In context of the SMART test it can be note that the vision of Fortescue is Specific in terms of the way the company wants to proceed in the industry. The vision here is somewhat less Measurable as the iron ore industry is very vast with multiple aspects which are not always measurable. Yes the vision is Achievable to some extent even though there may be many obstacles be it legal, environmental and so on (Mai Perry and Loh 2014). The statement is Realistic due to the fact that the company is the fourth largest producer of iron ore and has in depth knowledge of the industry. The statement may not be as timely as the product production is not in the companies hands cause iron ore is formed naturally. Values of the organizations Organization values of Aristocrat believe in Respect, Courage, Integrity and Passion. This provides the company to support the business, the people involved and the customer community. Respect is stated in terms of respect for the people involved that helps the company to conduct business be it t he employees or the customers (Francis Livingstone and Rintoul 2017) . Courage valued as it the driving force to take risks that helps in innovation on all fronts. Integrity is the backbone value as it assures that the products are consistent and there are no discrepancies between the promised product and the delivered. Passion is a value that helps the company to produce quality products (Hudson Bryson and Michelotti2017). Organization values of Fortescue are integrity, determination, empowerment, Frugality, Safety, family, Idea Generation these values help the company to succeed in this aims. Integrity helps in providing consistent and proper production without any hidden agenda (Ng Walls and Wingard 2016). Determination is key factor to achieve company goals as it is a driving force to attain proper results. Empowerment enables the employees to take decision in the company that help in optimum productivity. Frugality helps in achieving economic goals of the company thus results in less wastage of resources. Safety is is something very important in the mining industry as employees risk their lives to mine ore from mines and safety values boost morale in a sense thet all safety measure are in order. Family this value relates to the fact that all the employees in the company are family and everyone is valuable in each of their way and the company will take care of their needs. Idea generation helps the company to implement new techniques and technologies to improve their production capabilities and over all work process (Vveinhardt Gulbovaite. and Streimikiene 2016.). All the statements are believable and realistic to the point and they add genuine value to the company and its vision. Corporate social responsibility/Sustainability: The corporate social responsibilities of Aristocrat Leisure Limited and Fortescue Metals Group occupy a very important position in their respective company policies. A comparison between the corporate social responsibilities of the two companies must take into account the fact that they belong to different industries(Chan, Watson and Woodliff 2014). Aristocrat Leisure Limited is an internet gaming and gambling company with its headquarters in Sydney, Australia. Fortescue Metal Group is a mining company with its registered office in East Perth, Australia. Comparisons between the two companies on the grounds of their CSR are as follows: Different industries: Aristocrat Leisure Limited is a gaming and gambling company and causes minimum pollution. Its corporate social responsibility stresses more on ethical usage of internet while gambling and gaming(Mason and Simmons 2014). Fortescue Metals Group is an iron articles manufacturing and marketing company which is a part of the mineral and mining sector which causes a lot of pollution. It is due to this difference in industries that its CSR is vast and encompasses several items like climate change, slavery, corruption and employee health and safety. Thus the comparison shows that compared to Aristocrat Leisure Limited, Fortescues CSR is vast due to the difference in their industries and operation(Jizi et al. 2014). Components: The components of the corporate responsibility of Aristocrat Leisure Limited are research in collaboration with computer laboratories to make more innovative and affordable games. The items also include preserving water resources, recycling wastes and manufacturing fuel efficiency vehicles. The company invests in making socially responsible games which are ethical and does not harm stakeholders like society and customers(Khan, Muttakin and Siddiqui 2013). The areas of focus of the corporate social responsibility of Fortescue Metals Group encompass the following areas: Ethical conduct, taking bribes and corruption. Abolition of slavery and unethical suppliers. Human rights. Transparency in taxation and governance. Employee security, health and development. Engaging with stakeholders. Development of local community like development of the Aborigines. Preserving of natural resources like water reserves and combating climate changes. Help the biodiversity of Australia to flourish. Managing mining activities sustainably and environment friendly possible. Earning higher profits to sustain the CSR. A comparison between the CSR of the two companies reveal that the CSR of Fortescue is vast compared to the CSR of Aristocrat. It is due to the inherent nature of the mining industry which is prone to corruption, employee safety issues and slavery to a far greater extent than the gaming and hospitality sector (Hond et al. 2014). Execution of CSR: The execution of corporate social responsibility of Aristocrat involves the employees participating in fund raising activities for their localities. The Global Volunteer Week encourages the employees to demonstrate the sustainable skills like recycling of wastes and raise funds to support poor people (Bair and Palpacuer 2015). The executions of corporate social responsibility of Fortescue Metal Groups are more elaborate and expensive. The company collaborates with international bodies like United Nations to encourage restoration of biodiversity and natural resources (Alshareef and Sandhu 2015). SMART analysis: Specific: The CSR of Aristocrat is more specific due to its nature of business. The CSR of Fortescue Metals Group is vast and less specific because the company belongs to the mining industry which causes a lot of pollution. Measurable: The CSR of Aristicrat is more easily measurable owing to its smaller expanse compared to Fortescue. The CSR of the mining is vast and encompasses a lot of items hence, the measuring of its CSR require lot of documents like annual report, pollution report from factories and mines and so on. Achievable: The CSR of Aristocrat is achievable due to its smaller expanse which is mostly limited to ethical and socially beneficial gaming and gambling. The CSR of Fortescue Metal Group is vast and is not easily achievable. Timely: The CSR of Aristocrat is achievable within a shorter span of time compared to Fortescue. The CSR of Fortescue includes stakeholders and deals with a vast array of items like corruption, slavery and human rights. These items are extremely complicated and involve laws, society and several other stakeholders. Thus, achieving CSR of Fortescue is very time consuming and the company has to group these CSR areas into short, medium and long term to achieve them. Stakeholders mentioned in their corporate statements: The corporate statements of Aristocrat mention the names of stakeholders of two categories, namely internal and external. The internal stakeholders mentioned are directors, managing directors and senior executives (aristocrat.com. 2017). The reports also state the name of the external auditor, Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC). Among the external stakeholders the reports reveal the names of the key stakeholders like government, apex bodies namley Australian Securities and Investments Commission and the Nevada Commission. The shareholders, customers and the community as a whole also find mention among the external stakeholders (Cascetta et al. 2015). A review of the corporate statements of Fortescue reveals that the number of stakeholders of the company is far greater than Aristocrat. Fortescue in its reports too mention the internal stakeholders and external stakeholders in greater detail. The internal stakeholders mentioned are chairman and other employees. The reports pay a lot of importance to its employees of various categories like women and Aborigines which reflect the companysdiversity management power. The external stakeholders mentioned are suppliers, customers and shareholders. Among the key stakeholders apex bodies like government, WA department of Mines, Joint Ores Reserve Committee, Audit andRisk Management Committee found mention in the reports. The audit of the company like Aristocrat is handled by PWC. However, international bodies like UNGC and Internatioanl Council On Mining and Metals find mention in the reports of Fortescue but not in the reports of Aristocrat. Both the companies mention stakeholders like com munity and customers. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Aristocrat and Fortescue have some common characteristics like aim to earn profits. However, they have different vision, mission and CSR owing the differences in sectors they belong to. The discussion shows that the area of business of Fortescue is far greater and varied compared to Aristocrat. References: Alshareef, M.N.Z. and Sandhu, K., 2015. Integration Of Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr) Into Corporate Governance: New Model, Structure And Practice: A Case Study Of Saudi Company European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance Research,3(5), pp.1-19. aristocrat.com. 2017. Community. [online] Available at: https://www.aristocrat.com/community [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. Bair, J. and Palpacuer, F., 2015. CSR beyond the corporation: contested governance in global value chains.Global Networks,15(s1). Cascetta, E., Carteni, A., Pagliara, F. and Montanino, M., 2015. A new look at planning and designing transportation systems: A decision-making model based on cognitive rationality, stakeholder engagement and quantitative methods.Transport policy,38, pp.27-39. Chan, M.C., Watson, J. and Woodliff, D., 2014. Corporate governance quality and CSR disclosures.Journal of Business Ethics,125(1), pp.59-73. Fortescue Metals Group Ltd. 2017. Corporate Social Responsibility. [online] Available at: https://fmgl.com.au/community/corporate-social-responsibility/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. Hond, F., Rehbein, K.A., Bakker, F.G. and Lankveld, H.K.V., 2014. Playing on two chessboards: Reputation effects between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate political activity (CPA).Journal ofManagement Studies,51(5), pp.790-813. Jizi, M.I., Salama, A., Dixon, R. and Stratling, R., 2014. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosure: Evidence from the US banking sector.Journal of Business Ethics,125(4), pp.601-615. Khan, A., Muttakin, M.B. and Siddiqui, J., 2013. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy.Journal of business ethics,114(2), pp.207-223. Mason, C. and Simmons, J., 2014. Embedding corporate social responsibility in corporate governance: A stakeholder systems approach.Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), pp.77-86. Carton, A.M., Murphy, C. and Clark, J.R., 2014. A (blurry) vision of the future: How leader rhetoric about ultimate goals influences performance.Academy ofManagement Journal,57(6), pp.1544-1570. Kenny, G., 2014. Your Companys Purpose is Not Its Vision, Mission or Values.Harvard Business Review. Sep,3. Olaisen, J., 2016.Sources of creativity in consumer ideation: effects of providing information on company vision and market research(Master's thesis). Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.20-37. Hudson, S., Bryson, D. and Michelotti, M., 2017. Individuals' Assessment of Corporate Social Performance, Person-Organization Values and Goals Fit, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intentions.Relations Industrielles,72(2), p.322. Vveinhardt, J., Gulbovaite, E. and Streimikiene, D., 2016. Different Values Forms in Organization: is the Congruence Possible?.Montenegrin Journal of Economics,12(2), p.117. Ng, E.S., Walls, J. and Wingard, G., 2016. Getting to the Heart of Corporate Sustainability: The Role of Managerial Values and Motivation in the Mongolian Mining Industry. Ji, R., Gao, Y., Liu, W., Xie, X., Tian, Q. and Li, X., 2015. When location meets social multimedia: A survey on vision-based recognition and mining for geo-social multimedia analytics.ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST),6(1), p.1. Mai, C.C.C., Perry, C. and Loh, E., 2014. Integrating Organisational Change Management and Customer Relationship Management in a Casino.UNLV Gaming Research Review Journal,18(2), p.1. Francis, L., Livingstone, C. and Rintoul, A., 2017. Analysis of EGM licensing decisions by the gambling regulator, Victoria, Australia.International Gambling Studies,17(1), pp.65-86.

Aids In Africa Essay Example For Students

Aids In Africa Essay As recently as 1990, there were some regions of the world that had remained relatively unscathed by AIDS. Today, however, there is not a single country around the world which has wholly escaped the AIDS epidemic. As the epidemic has matured, some of the developed nations which were hard hit by the epidemic in the 1980s such as the United States have reported a slowing in the rate of new infections and a stabilization among existing cases with lower mortality rates and an extension of post-diagnosis lifespan. However, despite the changing face of the global AIDS pandemic, one factor remains unchanged: no region of the world bears a higher AIDS-related burden than sub-Saharan Africa. This paper examines the demographic effects of AIDS in Africa, focusing on the hardest-hit countries of sub-Saharan Africa and considers the present and future impact of the AIDS epidemic on major demographic measures such as fertility, mortality, life expectancy, gender, age, and family structure. Althoug h the sub-Saharan region accounts for just 10% of the world’s population, 67% (22.5 million) of the 33.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS in 1998 were residents of one of the 34 countries of sub-Saharan Africa, and of all AIDS deaths since the epidemic started, 83% have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (Gilks, 1999, p. 180). Among children under age 15 living with HIV/AIDS, 90% live in sub-Saharan Africa as do 95% of all AIDS orphans. In several of the 34 sub-Saharan nations, 1 out of every 4 adults is HIV-positive (UNAIDS, 1998, p. 1). Taxing low-income countries with health care systems inadequate to handle the burden of non-AIDS related illnesses, AIDS has devastated many of the sub-Saharan African economies. The impact of AIDS on the region is such that it is now affecting demographics changing mortality and fertility rates, reducing lifespan, and ultimately affecting population growth. Although Africa is the region of the world hardest hit by AIDS, and although no country has entirely escaped the virus, prevalence rates vary dramatically between regions, countries, and even within countries. In general, the southern region is the most affected, with Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe showing the highest rates, while West Africa has been less affected. In almost all countries, the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Within the general population, the highest prevalence rates are found among the sexually active adult (15 to 49 years old) population. Women tend to get infected at earlier ages than males for a variety of biological and sociocultural reasons. In recent years an intensive government-sponsored HIV prevention campaign focusing on use of condoms and changes in sexual behavior has produced impressive results. Researchers however, have yet to satisfactorily explain the broad variation in HIV seroprevalence between Western and Eastern sub-Saharan Africa. As Gilks (1999) observes, â€Å"in some of the countries of Western Africa such as Senegal, low levels of HIV prevalence in adults have been maintained for about a decade, despite many circumstances highly conducive to appreciable and sustained transmission† (p. 181). In some Western African nations, early and sustained prevention programs may be responsible for the differences, although other reports indicate that comparatively low transmission rates prevail in most of the Western countries regardless of programs designed to encourage safer sex (UNAIDS, 1998, p. 2). Reports also show that differences in the rate of HIV spread between East and West Africa cannot be explai ned by differences in sexual behavior alone. AIDS researchers typically make a distinction between concentrated and generalized transmission patterns of the virus. In a concentrated transmission pattern, infection tends to be concentrated within â€Å"vulnerable groups† such as homosexual men, prostitutes, and IV drug users. In the generalized pattern, infection is diffused broadly through the population, typically by means of heterosexual transmission. In sub-Saharan Africa, where heterosexual transmission predominates, the pattern is that of generalized transmission. Compared to the U.S. little HIV transmission in Africa is related to IV drug use or unprotected homosexual sex. In addition to heterosexual transmission, transmission via transfusion and through contaminated medical equipment is not uncommon in sub-Saharan Africa. Africans infected with HIV die much sooner after diagnosis than HIV-infected persons in other parts of the world. Studies in industrialized countries that were conducted prior to the introduction of treatment with multiple antiretroviral drugs, found that the survival time following the diagnosis of AIDS ranged from 9 to 26 months. However, in Africa the survival time of patients with AIDS ranged from 5 to 9 months (Unaids, 1998, p.2). A number of factors have been cited to explain the shorter survival times in African which include lower access to health care, poorer quality of health care services, poorer levels of baseline health and nutrition, and greater exposure to pathogens likely to result in opportunistic infection and early death (UNAIDS, 1998; UNAIDS, 1999; Gilks, 1999). Mortality Life Expectancy. There is now compelling evidence drawn from two decades of AIDS epidemic data in central and east Africa that the AIDS epidemic has had a dramatic and negative impact upon mortality rates and life expectancy in this region. The most substantial increases in the mortality rate have occurred among adults aged 20 to 40 in the southern and eastern regions of sub-Saharan Africa, with more modest mortality rate increases shown for children within this region. The probability that a male adult in Zimbabwe would die between the ages of 15 and 60 jumped from 0.181 in 1979 to 0.325 in 1992, while the probability that a female adult would die between these ages during this time period jumped from 0.248 to 0.419 (Timaeus, 1998, p. S21). The increased mortality rates have had a substantial impact on life expectancies in the affected regions. A study in rural Uganda found that life expectancy dropped from just under 60 years to 42.5 years during the past two decades (Boerma, Nunn Whitworth, 1998). In late 1998, the UN Population Division released figures suggesting that AIDS has taken an average of seven years off the average life expectancy at birth of a baby born in any of the 29 most affected African countries. On average, in the absence of AIDS, life expectancy for these 29 countries would have averaged 54 yea rs; now, however, the average has dropped to 47 years. Fertility. A number of studies have now documented that HIV infection significantly reduces the fertility levels of HIV+ women in the sub-Saharan African countries. Studies on fertility changes in 20 sub-Saharan African countries found a 25% to 40% decline in fertility among HIV+ women versus their HIV-negative counterparts in the same country. Researchers note that HIV decreases fertility among HIV+ women as a consequence of both biological (impact on fecundity) and behavioral factors. On the biological level, there is an increase (among HIV+ women) in menstrual disorders, miscarriages, other STDs, and partner mortality all of which negatively impact fertility. On the behavioral level, HIV+ status may prompt increased divorce and separation, increased use of condoms and/or other barrier contraceptives, and reduced sexual frequency (Zaba Gregson, 1998; Gregson, et al., 1999). Biological and behavioral factors among HIV+ men ma y also impact the fertility rates. In general, researchers have noted that biological factors, including reduced sperm count and reduced frequency of sexual activity related to physical illness, have been more important than behavioral factors (condom use, etc.) when examining males’ contributions to the declining fertility rates (Zaba Gregson, 1998). Macbeth Novel Analysis EssayBIBLIOGRAPHYAltman, L.K. (1999a). More African women have AIDS than men. New York Times, 24 November 1999 Altman, L.K. (1999b). U.N. issues grim report on the 11 million children orphaned by AIDS. New York Times, 2 December 1999 Boerma, J.T.; Nunn, A.J.; Whitworth, J.A.G. (1998). Mortality impact of the AIDS epidemic: evidence from community studies in less developed countries. AIDS, 12 (Suppl. 1), S1-S14. Boyle, B. (1998). The global impact of HIV Bridging ever widening gap. Coverage from the 12th World AIDS Conference, June 29 July 2, 1998. Gilks, C.F. (1999). The challenge of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 33 (2), 180-185. Gregson, S.; Zaba, B.; Garnett, G.P. (1999). Low fertility in women with HIV and the impact of the epidemic on orphanhood and early childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS, 13 (Suppl. A), S249-S257. Ibrahim, Y.M. (1998). AIDS is slashing Africa’s population, U.N. survey finds. New York Times, 28 October 1998Reuters Health (1999a). Economic empowerment of women key to halting AIDS epidemic in Africa. Reuters Medical News, 14 October 1999 Reuters Health (1999b). HIV/AIDS devastating economies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Reuters Medical News, 13 October 1999 Timaeus, I.M. (1998). Impact of the HIV epidemic on mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from national surveys and consensus. AIDS, 12 (Suppl. D), S15-S27. UNAIDS (1998). AIDS in Africa. UNAIDS Fact Sheet (30 November 1998) UNAIDS (1999). Differences in HIV spread in four sub-Saharan African cities. UNAIDS Fact Sheet (14 September 1999) Sociology Essays